...one of the most highly
regarded and expertly designed C++ library projects in the
world.
— Herb Sutter and Andrei
Alexandrescu, C++
Coding Standards
The POSIX-Extended regular expression syntax is supported by the POSIX C
regular expression API's, and variations are used by the utilities egrep
and awk
.
You can construct POSIX extended regular expressions in Boost.Regex by passing
the flag extended
to the
regex constructor, for example:
// e1 is a case sensitive POSIX-Extended expression: boost::regex e1(my_expression, boost::regex::extended); // e2 a case insensitive POSIX-Extended expression: boost::regex e2(my_expression, boost::regex::extended|boost::regex::icase);
In POSIX-Extended regular expressions, all characters match themselves except for the following special characters:
.[{}()\*+?|^$
The single character '.' when used outside of a character set will match any single character except:
match_no_dot_null
is passed to the matching algorithms.
match_not_dot_newline
is passed to the matching algorithms.
A '^' character shall match the start of a line when used as the first character of an expression, or the first character of a sub-expression.
A '$' character shall match the end of a line when used as the last character of an expression, or the last character of a sub-expression.
A section beginning (
and ending
)
acts as a marked sub-expression.
Whatever matched the sub-expression is split out in a separate field by the
matching algorithms. Marked sub-expressions can also repeated, or referred
to by a back-reference.
Any atom (a single character, a marked sub-expression, or a character class)
can be repeated with the *
,
+
, ?
,
and {}
operators.
The *
operator will match the
preceding atom zero or more times, for example the expression
a*b
will match any of the following:
b ab aaaaaaaab
The +
operator will match the
preceding atom one or more times, for example the expression
a+b will match any of the following:
ab aaaaaaaab
But will not match:
b
The ?
operator will match the
preceding atom zero or one times, for example the expression
ca?b
will match any of the following:
cb cab
But will not match:
caab
An atom can also be repeated with a bounded repeat:
a{n}
Matches
'a' repeated exactly n times.
a{n,}
Matches
'a' repeated n or more times.
a{n, m}
Matches 'a' repeated between n
and m times inclusive.
For example:
^a{2,3}$
Will match either of:
aa aaa
But neither of:
a aaaa
It is an error to use a repeat operator, if the preceding construct can not be repeated, for example:
a(*)
Will raise an error, as there is nothing for the *
operator to be applied to.
An escape character followed by a digit n, where n is in the range 1-9, matches the same string that was matched by sub-expression n. For example the expression:
^(a*).*\1$
Will match the string:
aaabbaaa
But not the string:
aaabba
Caution | |
---|---|
The POSIX standard does not support back-references for "extended" regular expressions, this is a compatible extension to that standard. |
The |
operator will match either
of its arguments, so for example: abc|def
will
match either "abc" or "def".
Parenthesis can be used to group alternations, for example: ab(d|ef)
will match either of "abd" or "abef".
A character set is a bracket-expression starting with [ and ending with ], it defines a set of characters, and matches any single character that is a member of that set.
A bracket expression may contain any combination of the following:
For example [abc]
, will match any of the characters 'a', 'b',
or 'c'.
For example [a-c]
will match any single character in the range 'a' to 'c'. By default, for
POSIX-Extended regular expressions, a character x is
within the range y to z, if it
collates within that range; this results in locale specific behavior . This
behavior can be turned off by unsetting the collate
option flag - in
which case whether a character appears within a range is determined by comparing
the code points of the characters only.
If the bracket-expression begins with the ^ character, then it matches the
complement of the characters it contains, for example [^a-c]
matches any character that is not in the
range a-c
.
An expression of the form [[:name:]]
matches the named character class "name", for example [[:lower:]]
matches any lower case character. See
character class names.
An expression of the form [[.col.]
matches
the collating element col. A collating element is any
single character, or any sequence of characters that collates as a single
unit. Collating elements may also be used as the end point of a range, for
example: [[.ae.]-c]
matches the character sequence "ae", plus any single character
in the range "ae"-c, assuming that "ae" is treated as
a single collating element in the current locale.
Collating elements may be used in place of escapes (which are not normally
allowed inside character sets), for example [[.^.]abc]
would
match either one of the characters 'abc^'.
As an extension, a collating element may also be specified via its symbolic name, for example:
[[.NUL.]]
matches a NUL character.
An expression of the form [[=col=]]
,
matches any character or collating element whose primary sort key is the
same as that for collating element col, as with colating
elements the name col may be a symbolic
name. A primary sort key is one that ignores case, accentation, or
locale-specific tailorings; so for example [[=a=]]
matches
any of the characters: a, À, Á, Â, Ã, Ä, Å, A, à, á, â, ã, ä and å. Unfortunately implementation
of this is reliant on the platform's collation and localisation support;
this feature can not be relied upon to work portably across all platforms,
or even all locales on one platform.
All of the above can be combined in one character set declaration, for example:
[[:digit:]a-c[.NUL.]]
.
The POSIX standard defines no escape sequences for POSIX-Extended regular expressions, except that:
[\^]
will match either a literal '\' or a '^'.
However, that's rather restrictive, so the following standard-compatible extensions are also supported by Boost.Regex:
The following escape sequences are all synonyms for single characters:
Escape |
Character |
---|---|
\a |
'\a' |
\e |
0x1B |
\f |
\f |
\n |
\n |
\r |
\r |
\t |
\t |
\v |
\v |
\b |
\b (but only inside a character class declaration). |
\cX |
An ASCII escape sequence - the character whose code point is X % 32 |
\xdd |
A hexadecimal escape sequence - matches the single character whose code point is 0xdd. |
\x{dddd} |
A hexadecimal escape sequence - matches the single character whose code point is 0xdddd. |
\0ddd |
An octal escape sequence - matches the single character whose code point is 0ddd. |
\N{Name} |
Matches the single character which has the symbolic name name.
For example |
Any escaped character x, if x is the name of a character class shall match any character that is a member of that class, and any escaped character X, if x is the name of a character class, shall match any character not in that class.
The following are supported by default:
Escape sequence |
Equivalent to |
---|---|
|
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The character property names in the following table are all equivalent to the names used in character classes.
Form |
Description |
Equivalent character set form |
---|---|---|
|
Matches any character that has the property X. |
|
|
Matches any character that has the property Name. |
|
|
Matches any character that does not have the property X. |
|
|
Matches any character that does not have the property Name. |
|
For example \pd
matches any "digit" character, as does \p{digit}
.
The following escape sequences match the boundaries of words:
Escape |
Meaning |
---|---|
|
Matches the start of a word. |
|
Matches the end of a word. |
|
Matches a word boundary (the start or end of a word). |
|
Matches only when not at a word boundary. |
The following match only at buffer boundaries: a "buffer" in this context is the whole of the input text that is being matched against (note that ^ and $ may match embedded newlines within the text).
Escape |
Meaning |
---|---|
\` |
Matches at the start of a buffer only. |
\' |
Matches at the end of a buffer only. |
|
Matches at the start of a buffer only (the same as \`). |
|
Matches at the end of a buffer only (the same as \'). |
|
Matches an optional sequence of newlines at the end of a buffer:
equivalent to the regular expression |
The sequence \G
matches only at the end of the last match found, or at the start of the text
being matched if no previous match was found. This escape useful if you're
iterating over the matches contained within a text, and you want each subsequence
match to start where the last one ended.
The escape sequence \Q
begins a "quoted sequence": all the subsequent characters are treated
as literals, until either the end of the regular expression or \E
is found.
For example the expression: \Q\*+\Ea+
would match either of:
\*+a \*+aaa
Escape |
Meaning |
---|---|
|
Matches a single code point: in Boost regex this has exactly the same effect as a "." operator. |
|
Matches a combining character sequence: that is any non-combining character followed by a sequence of zero or more combining characters. |
Any other escape sequence matches the character that is escaped, for example \@ matches a literal '@'.
The order of precedence for of operators is as follows:
[==]
[::] [..]
\
[]
()
*
+ ?
{m,n}
|
When there is more that one way to match a regular expression, the "best" possible match is obtained using the leftmost-longest rule.
When an expression is compiled with the flag
egrep
set, then the
expression is treated as a newline separated list of POSIX-Extended
expressions, a match is found if any of the expressions in the list
match, for example:
boost::regex e("abc\ndef", boost::regex::egrep);
will match either of the POSIX-Basic expressions "abc" or "def".
As its name suggests, this behavior is consistent with the Unix utility
egrep
, and with grep when
used with the -E option.
In addition to the POSIX-Extended features the escape character is special inside a character class declaration.
In addition, some escape sequences that are not defined as part of POSIX-Extended specification are required to be supported - however Boost.Regex supports these by default anyway.
There are a variety
of flags that may be combined with the extended
and egrep
options when constructing
the regular expression, in particular note that the newline_alt
option alters the syntax,
while the collate
, nosubs
and icase
options
modify how the case and locale sensitivity are to be applied.