Boost C++ Libraries

...one of the most highly regarded and expertly designed C++ library projects in the world. Herb Sutter and Andrei Alexandrescu, C++ Coding Standards

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Synchronization

Mutex Concepts
Lock Types
Lock functions
Mutex Types
Condition Variables
One-time Initialization
Barriers
Futures

A mutex object facilitates protection against data races and allows thread-safe synchronization of data between threads. A thread obtains ownership of a mutex object by calling one of the lock functions and relinquishes ownership by calling the corresponding unlock function. Mutexes may be either recursive or non-recursive, and may grant simultaneous ownership to one or many threads. Boost.Thread supplies recursive and non-recursive mutexes with exclusive ownership semantics, along with a shared ownership (multiple-reader / single-writer) mutex.

Boost.Thread supports four basic concepts for lockable objects: Lockable, TimedLockable, SharedLockable and UpgradeLockable. Each mutex type implements one or more of these concepts, as do the various lock types.

The Lockable concept models exclusive ownership. A type that implements the Lockable concept shall provide the following member functions:

Lock ownership acquired through a call to lock() or try_lock() must be released through a call to unlock().

Effects:

The current thread blocks until ownership can be obtained for the current thread.

Postcondition:

The current thread owns *this.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs.

Effects:

Attempt to obtain ownership for the current thread without blocking.

Returns:

true if ownership was obtained for the current thread, false otherwise.

Postcondition:

If the call returns true, the current thread owns the *this.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs.

Precondition:

The current thread owns *this.

Effects:

Releases ownership by the current thread.

Postcondition:

The current thread no longer owns *this.

Throws:

Nothing

The TimedLockable concept refines the Lockable concept to add support for timeouts when trying to acquire the lock.

A type that implements the TimedLockable concept shall meet the requirements of the Lockable concept. In addition, the following member functions must be provided:

Lock ownership acquired through a call to timed_lock() must be released through a call to unlock().

Effects:

Attempt to obtain ownership for the current thread. Blocks until ownership can be obtained, or the specified time is reached. If the specified time has already passed, behaves as try_lock().

Returns:

true if ownership was obtained for the current thread, false otherwise.

Postcondition:

If the call returns true, the current thread owns *this.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs.

The SharedLockable concept is a refinement of the TimedLockable concept that allows for shared ownership as well as exclusive ownership. This is the standard multiple-reader / single-write model: at most one thread can have exclusive ownership, and if any thread does have exclusive ownership, no other threads can have shared or exclusive ownership. Alternatively, many threads may have shared ownership.

For a type to implement the SharedLockable concept, as well as meeting the requirements of the TimedLockable concept, it must also provide the following member functions:

Lock ownership acquired through a call to lock_shared(), try_lock_shared() or timed_lock_shared() must be released through a call to unlock_shared().

Effects:

The current thread blocks until shared ownership can be obtained for the current thread.

Postcondition:

The current thread has shared ownership of *this.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs.

Effects:

Attempt to obtain shared ownership for the current thread without blocking.

Returns:

true if shared ownership was obtained for the current thread, false otherwise.

Postcondition:

If the call returns true, the current thread has shared ownership of *this.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs.

Effects:

Attempt to obtain shared ownership for the current thread. Blocks until shared ownership can be obtained, or the specified time is reached. If the specified time has already passed, behaves as try_lock_shared().

Returns:

true if shared ownership was acquired for the current thread, false otherwise.

Postcondition:

If the call returns true, the current thread has shared ownership of *this.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs.

Precondition:

The current thread has shared ownership of *this.

Effects:

Releases shared ownership of *this by the current thread.

Postcondition:

The current thread no longer has shared ownership of *this.

Throws:

Nothing

The UpgradeLockable concept is a refinement of the SharedLockable concept that allows for upgradable ownership as well as shared ownership and exclusive ownership. This is an extension to the multiple-reader / single-write model provided by the SharedLockable concept: a single thread may have upgradable ownership at the same time as others have shared ownership. The thread with upgradable ownership may at any time attempt to upgrade that ownership to exclusive ownership. If no other threads have shared ownership, the upgrade is completed immediately, and the thread now has exclusive ownership, which must be relinquished by a call to unlock(), just as if it had been acquired by a call to lock().

If a thread with upgradable ownership tries to upgrade whilst other threads have shared ownership, the attempt will fail and the thread will block until exclusive ownership can be acquired.

Ownership can also be downgraded as well as upgraded: exclusive ownership of an implementation of the UpgradeLockable concept can be downgraded to upgradable ownership or shared ownership, and upgradable ownership can be downgraded to plain shared ownership.

For a type to implement the UpgradeLockable concept, as well as meeting the requirements of the SharedLockable concept, it must also provide the following member functions:

Lock ownership acquired through a call to lock_upgrade() must be released through a call to unlock_upgrade(). If the ownership type is changed through a call to one of the unlock_xxx_and_lock_yyy() functions, ownership must be released through a call to the unlock function corresponding to the new level of ownership.

Effects:

The current thread blocks until upgrade ownership can be obtained for the current thread.

Postcondition:

The current thread has upgrade ownership of *this.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs.

Precondition:

The current thread has upgrade ownership of *this.

Effects:

Releases upgrade ownership of *this by the current thread.

Postcondition:

The current thread no longer has upgrade ownership of *this.

Throws:

Nothing

Precondition:

The current thread has upgrade ownership of *this.

Effects:

Atomically releases upgrade ownership of *this by the current thread and acquires exclusive ownership of *this. If any other threads have shared ownership, blocks until exclusive ownership can be acquired.

Postcondition:

The current thread has exclusive ownership of *this.

Throws:

Nothing

Precondition:

The current thread has upgrade ownership of *this.

Effects:

Atomically releases upgrade ownership of *this by the current thread and acquires shared ownership of *this without blocking.

Postcondition:

The current thread has shared ownership of *this.

Throws:

Nothing

Precondition:

The current thread has exclusive ownership of *this.

Effects:

Atomically releases exclusive ownership of *this by the current thread and acquires upgrade ownership of *this without blocking.

Postcondition:

The current thread has upgrade ownership of *this.

Throws:

Nothing

#include <boost/thread/locks.hpp>

template<typename Lockable>
class lock_guard
{
public:
    explicit lock_guard(Lockable& m_);
    lock_guard(Lockable& m_,boost::adopt_lock_t);

    ~lock_guard();
};

boost::lock_guard is very simple: on construction it acquires ownership of the implementation of the Lockable concept supplied as the constructor parameter. On destruction, the ownership is released. This provides simple RAII-style locking of a Lockable object, to facilitate exception-safe locking and unlocking. In addition, the lock_guard(Lockable & m,boost::adopt_lock_t) constructor allows the boost::lock_guard object to take ownership of a lock already held by the current thread.

Effects:

Stores a reference to m. Invokes m.lock().

Throws:

Any exception thrown by the call to m.lock().

Precondition:

The current thread owns a lock on m equivalent to one obtained by a call to m.lock().

Effects:

Stores a reference to m. Takes ownership of the lock state of m.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

Invokes m.unlock() on the Lockable object passed to the constructor.

Throws:

Nothing.

#include <boost/thread/locks.hpp>

template<typename Lockable>
class unique_lock
{
public:
    unique_lock();
    explicit unique_lock(Lockable& m_);
    unique_lock(Lockable& m_,adopt_lock_t);
    unique_lock(Lockable& m_,defer_lock_t);
    unique_lock(Lockable& m_,try_to_lock_t);
    unique_lock(Lockable& m_,system_time const& target_time);

    ~unique_lock();

    unique_lock(detail::thread_move_t<unique_lock<Lockable> > other);
    unique_lock(detail::thread_move_t<upgrade_lock<Lockable> > other);

    operator detail::thread_move_t<unique_lock<Lockable> >();
    detail::thread_move_t<unique_lock<Lockable> > move();
    unique_lock& operator=(detail::thread_move_t<unique_lock<Lockable> > other);
    unique_lock& operator=(detail::thread_move_t<upgrade_lock<Lockable> > other);

    void swap(unique_lock& other);
    void swap(detail::thread_move_t<unique_lock<Lockable> > other);

    void lock();
    bool try_lock();

    template<typename TimeDuration>
    bool timed_lock(TimeDuration const& relative_time);
    bool timed_lock(::boost::system_time const& absolute_time);

    void unlock();

    bool owns_lock() const;
    operator unspecified-bool-type() const;
    bool operator!() const;

    Lockable* mutex() const;
    Lockable* release();
};

boost::unique_lock is more complex than boost::lock_guard: not only does it provide for RAII-style locking, it also allows for deferring acquiring the lock until the lock() member function is called explicitly, or trying to acquire the lock in a non-blocking fashion, or with a timeout. Consequently, unlock() is only called in the destructor if the lock object has locked the Lockable object, or otherwise adopted a lock on the Lockable object.

Specializations of boost::unique_lock model the TimedLockable concept if the supplied Lockable type itself models TimedLockable concept (e.g. boost::unique_lock<boost::timed_mutex>), or the Lockable concept otherwise (e.g. boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex>).

An instance of boost::unique_lock is said to own the lock state of a Lockable m if mutex() returns a pointer to m and owns_lock() returns true. If an object that owns the lock state of a Lockable object is destroyed, then the destructor will invoke mutex()->unlock().

The member functions of boost::unique_lock are not thread-safe. In particular, boost::unique_lock is intended to model the ownership of a Lockable object by a particular thread, and the member functions that release ownership of the lock state (including the destructor) must be called by the same thread that acquired ownership of the lock state.

Effects:

Creates a lock object with no associated mutex.

Postcondition:

owns_lock() returns false. mutex() returns NULL.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

Stores a reference to m. Invokes m.lock().

Postcondition:

owns_lock() returns true. mutex() returns &m.

Throws:

Any exception thrown by the call to m.lock().

Precondition:

The current thread owns an exclusive lock on m.

Effects:

Stores a reference to m. Takes ownership of the lock state of m.

Postcondition:

owns_lock() returns true. mutex() returns &m.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

Stores a reference to m.

Postcondition:

owns_lock() returns false. mutex() returns &m.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

Stores a reference to m. Invokes m.try_lock(), and takes ownership of the lock state if the call returns true.

Postcondition:

mutex() returns &m. If the call to try_lock() returned true, then owns_lock() returns true, otherwise owns_lock() returns false.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

Stores a reference to m. Invokes m.timed_lock(abs_time), and takes ownership of the lock state if the call returns true.

Postcondition:

mutex() returns &m. If the call to timed_lock() returned true, then owns_lock() returns true, otherwise owns_lock() returns false.

Throws:

Any exceptions thrown by the call to m.timed_lock(abs_time).

Effects:

Invokes mutex()-> unlock() if owns_lock() returns true.

Throws:

Nothing.

Returns:

true if the *this owns the lock on the Lockable object associated with *this.

Throws:

Nothing.

Returns:

A pointer to the Lockable object associated with *this, or NULL if there is no such object.

Throws:

Nothing.

Returns:

If owns_lock() would return true, a value that evaluates to true in boolean contexts, otherwise a value that evaluates to false in boolean contexts.

Throws:

Nothing.

Returns:

! owns_lock().

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

The association between *this and the Lockable object is removed, without affecting the lock state of the Lockable object. If owns_lock() would have returned true, it is the responsibility of the calling code to ensure that the Lockable is correctly unlocked.

Returns:

A pointer to the Lockable object associated with *this at the point of the call, or NULL if there is no such object.

Throws:

Nothing.

Postcondition:

*this is no longer associated with any Lockable object. mutex() returns NULL and owns_lock() returns false.

#include <boost/thread/locks.hpp>

template<typename Lockable>
class shared_lock
{
public:
    shared_lock();
    explicit shared_lock(Lockable& m_);
    shared_lock(Lockable& m_,adopt_lock_t);
    shared_lock(Lockable& m_,defer_lock_t);
    shared_lock(Lockable& m_,try_to_lock_t);
    shared_lock(Lockable& m_,system_time const& target_time);
    shared_lock(detail::thread_move_t<shared_lock<Lockable> > other);
    shared_lock(detail::thread_move_t<unique_lock<Lockable> > other);
    shared_lock(detail::thread_move_t<upgrade_lock<Lockable> > other);

    ~shared_lock();

    operator detail::thread_move_t<shared_lock<Lockable> >();
    detail::thread_move_t<shared_lock<Lockable> > move();

    shared_lock& operator=(detail::thread_move_t<shared_lock<Lockable> > other);
    shared_lock& operator=(detail::thread_move_t<unique_lock<Lockable> > other);
    shared_lock& operator=(detail::thread_move_t<upgrade_lock<Lockable> > other);
    void swap(shared_lock& other);

    void lock();
    bool try_lock();
    bool timed_lock(boost::system_time const& target_time);
    void unlock();

    operator unspecified-bool-type() const;
    bool operator!() const;
    bool owns_lock() const;
};

Like boost::unique_lock, boost::shared_lock models the Lockable concept, but rather than acquiring unique ownership of the supplied Lockable object, locking an instance of boost::shared_lock acquires shared ownership.

Like boost::unique_lock, not only does it provide for RAII-style locking, it also allows for deferring acquiring the lock until the lock() member function is called explicitly, or trying to acquire the lock in a non-blocking fashion, or with a timeout. Consequently, unlock() is only called in the destructor if the lock object has locked the Lockable object, or otherwise adopted a lock on the Lockable object.

An instance of boost::shared_lock is said to own the lock state of a Lockable m if mutex() returns a pointer to m and owns_lock() returns true. If an object that owns the lock state of a Lockable object is destroyed, then the destructor will invoke mutex()->unlock_shared().

The member functions of boost::shared_lock are not thread-safe. In particular, boost::shared_lock is intended to model the shared ownership of a Lockable object by a particular thread, and the member functions that release ownership of the lock state (including the destructor) must be called by the same thread that acquired ownership of the lock state.

Effects:

Creates a lock object with no associated mutex.

Postcondition:

owns_lock() returns false. mutex() returns NULL.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

Stores a reference to m. Invokes m.lock_shared().

Postcondition:

owns_lock() returns true. mutex() returns &m.

Throws:

Any exception thrown by the call to m.lock_shared().

Precondition:

The current thread owns an exclusive lock on m.

Effects:

Stores a reference to m. Takes ownership of the lock state of m.

Postcondition:

owns_lock() returns true. mutex() returns &m.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

Stores a reference to m.

Postcondition:

owns_lock() returns false. mutex() returns &m.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

Stores a reference to m. Invokes m.try_lock_shared(), and takes ownership of the lock state if the call returns true.

Postcondition:

mutex() returns &m. If the call to try_lock_shared() returned true, then owns_lock() returns true, otherwise owns_lock() returns false.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

Stores a reference to m. Invokes m.timed_lock(abs_time), and takes ownership of the lock state if the call returns true.

Postcondition:

mutex() returns &m. If the call to timed_lock_shared() returned true, then owns_lock() returns true, otherwise owns_lock() returns false.

Throws:

Any exceptions thrown by the call to m.timed_lock(abs_time).

Effects:

Invokes mutex()-> unlock_shared() if owns_lock() returns true.

Throws:

Nothing.

Returns:

true if the *this owns the lock on the Lockable object associated with *this.

Throws:

Nothing.

Returns:

A pointer to the Lockable object associated with *this, or NULL if there is no such object.

Throws:

Nothing.

Returns:

If owns_lock() would return true, a value that evaluates to true in boolean contexts, otherwise a value that evaluates to false in boolean contexts.

Throws:

Nothing.

Returns:

! owns_lock().

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

The association between *this and the Lockable object is removed, without affecting the lock state of the Lockable object. If owns_lock() would have returned true, it is the responsibility of the calling code to ensure that the Lockable is correctly unlocked.

Returns:

A pointer to the Lockable object associated with *this at the point of the call, or NULL if there is no such object.

Throws:

Nothing.

Postcondition:

*this is no longer associated with any Lockable object. mutex() returns NULL and owns_lock() returns false.

#include <boost/thread/locks.hpp>

template<typename Lockable>
class upgrade_lock
{
public:
    explicit upgrade_lock(Lockable& m_);

    upgrade_lock(detail::thread_move_t<upgrade_lock<Lockable> > other);
    upgrade_lock(detail::thread_move_t<unique_lock<Lockable> > other);

    ~upgrade_lock();

    operator detail::thread_move_t<upgrade_lock<Lockable> >();
    detail::thread_move_t<upgrade_lock<Lockable> > move();

    upgrade_lock& operator=(detail::thread_move_t<upgrade_lock<Lockable> > other);
    upgrade_lock& operator=(detail::thread_move_t<unique_lock<Lockable> > other);

    void swap(upgrade_lock& other);

    void lock();
    void unlock();

    operator unspecified-bool-type() const;
    bool operator!() const;
    bool owns_lock() const;
};

Like boost::unique_lock, boost::upgrade_lock models the Lockable concept, but rather than acquiring unique ownership of the supplied Lockable object, locking an instance of boost::upgrade_lock acquires upgrade ownership.

Like boost::unique_lock, not only does it provide for RAII-style locking, it also allows for deferring acquiring the lock until the lock() member function is called explicitly, or trying to acquire the lock in a non-blocking fashion, or with a timeout. Consequently, unlock() is only called in the destructor if the lock object has locked the Lockable object, or otherwise adopted a lock on the Lockable object.

An instance of boost::upgrade_lock is said to own the lock state of a Lockable m if mutex() returns a pointer to m and owns_lock() returns true. If an object that owns the lock state of a Lockable object is destroyed, then the destructor will invoke mutex()->unlock_upgrade().

The member functions of boost::upgrade_lock are not thread-safe. In particular, boost::upgrade_lock is intended to model the upgrade ownership of a Lockable object by a particular thread, and the member functions that release ownership of the lock state (including the destructor) must be called by the same thread that acquired ownership of the lock state.

#include <boost/thread/locks.hpp>

template <class Lockable>
class upgrade_to_unique_lock
{
public:
    explicit upgrade_to_unique_lock(upgrade_lock<Lockable>& m_);

    ~upgrade_to_unique_lock();

    upgrade_to_unique_lock(detail::thread_move_t<upgrade_to_unique_lock<Lockable> > other);
    upgrade_to_unique_lock& operator=(detail::thread_move_t<upgrade_to_unique_lock<Lockable> > other);
    void swap(upgrade_to_unique_lock& other);

    operator unspecified-bool-type() const;
    bool operator!() const;
    bool owns_lock() const;
};

boost::upgrade_to_unique_lock allows for a temporary upgrade of an boost::upgrade_lock to exclusive ownership. When constructed with a reference to an instance of boost::upgrade_lock, if that instance has upgrade ownership on some Lockable object, that ownership is upgraded to exclusive ownership. When the boost::upgrade_to_unique_lock instance is destroyed, the ownership of the Lockable is downgraded back to upgrade ownership.

class MutexType::scoped_try_lock
{
private:
    MutexType::scoped_try_lock(MutexType::scoped_try_lock<MutexType>& other);
    MutexType::scoped_try_lock& operator=(MutexType::scoped_try_lock<MutexType>& other);
public:
    MutexType::scoped_try_lock();
    explicit MutexType::scoped_try_lock(MutexType& m);
    MutexType::scoped_try_lock(MutexType& m_,adopt_lock_t);
    MutexType::scoped_try_lock(MutexType& m_,defer_lock_t);
    MutexType::scoped_try_lock(MutexType& m_,try_to_lock_t);

    MutexType::scoped_try_lock(MutexType::scoped_try_lock<MutexType>&& other);
    MutexType::scoped_try_lock& operator=(MutexType::scoped_try_lock<MutexType>&& other);

    void swap(MutexType::scoped_try_lock&& other);

    void lock();
    bool try_lock();
    void unlock();
    bool owns_lock() const;

    MutexType* mutex() const;
    MutexType* release();
    bool operator!() const;

    typedef unspecified-bool-type bool_type;
    operator bool_type() const;
};

The member typedef scoped_try_lock is provided for each distinct MutexType as a typedef to a class with the preceding definition. The semantics of each constructor and member function are identical to those of boost::unique_lock<MutexType> for the same MutexType, except that the constructor that takes a single reference to a mutex will call m.try_lock() rather than m.lock().

template<typename Lockable1,typename Lockable2>
void lock(Lockable1& l1,Lockable2& l2);

template<typename Lockable1,typename Lockable2,typename Lockable3>
void lock(Lockable1& l1,Lockable2& l2,Lockable3& l3);

template<typename Lockable1,typename Lockable2,typename Lockable3,typename Lockable4>
void lock(Lockable1& l1,Lockable2& l2,Lockable3& l3,Lockable4& l4);

template<typename Lockable1,typename Lockable2,typename Lockable3,typename Lockable4,typename Lockable5>
void lock(Lockable1& l1,Lockable2& l2,Lockable3& l3,Lockable4& l4,Lockable5& l5);

Effects:

Locks the Lockable objects supplied as arguments in an unspecified and indeterminate order in a way that avoids deadlock. It is safe to call this function concurrently from multiple threads with the same mutexes (or other lockable objects) in different orders without risk of deadlock. If any of the lock() or try_lock() operations on the supplied Lockable objects throws an exception any locks acquired by the function will be released before the function exits.

Throws:

Any exceptions thrown by calling lock() or try_lock() on the supplied Lockable objects.

Postcondition:

All the supplied Lockable objects are locked by the calling thread.

template<typename ForwardIterator>
void lock(ForwardIterator begin,ForwardIterator end);

Preconditions:

The value_type of ForwardIterator must implement the Lockable concept

Effects:

Locks all the Lockable objects in the supplied range in an unspecified and indeterminate order in a way that avoids deadlock. It is safe to call this function concurrently from multiple threads with the same mutexes (or other lockable objects) in different orders without risk of deadlock. If any of the lock() or try_lock() operations on the Lockable objects in the supplied range throws an exception any locks acquired by the function will be released before the function exits.

Throws:

Any exceptions thrown by calling lock() or try_lock() on the supplied Lockable objects.

Postcondition:

All the Lockable objects in the supplied range are locked by the calling thread.

template<typename Lockable1,typename Lockable2>
int try_lock(Lockable1& l1,Lockable2& l2);

template<typename Lockable1,typename Lockable2,typename Lockable3>
int try_lock(Lockable1& l1,Lockable2& l2,Lockable3& l3);

template<typename Lockable1,typename Lockable2,typename Lockable3,typename Lockable4>
int try_lock(Lockable1& l1,Lockable2& l2,Lockable3& l3,Lockable4& l4);

template<typename Lockable1,typename Lockable2,typename Lockable3,typename Lockable4,typename Lockable5>
int try_lock(Lockable1& l1,Lockable2& l2,Lockable3& l3,Lockable4& l4,Lockable5& l5);

Effects:

Calls try_lock() on each of the Lockable objects supplied as arguments. If any of the calls to try_lock() returns false then all locks acquired are released and the zero-based index of the failed lock is returned.

If any of the try_lock() operations on the supplied Lockable objects throws an exception any locks acquired by the function will be released before the function exits.

Returns:

-1 if all the supplied Lockable objects are now locked by the calling thread, the zero-based index of the object which could not be locked otherwise.

Throws:

Any exceptions thrown by calling try_lock() on the supplied Lockable objects.

Postcondition:

If the function returns -1, all the supplied Lockable objects are locked by the calling thread. Otherwise any locks acquired by this function will have been released.

template<typename ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator try_lock(ForwardIterator begin,ForwardIterator end);

Preconditions:

The value_type of ForwardIterator must implement the Lockable concept

Effects:

Calls try_lock() on each of the Lockable objects in the supplied range. If any of the calls to try_lock() returns false then all locks acquired are released and an iterator referencing the failed lock is returned.

If any of the try_lock() operations on the supplied Lockable objects throws an exception any locks acquired by the function will be released before the function exits.

Returns:

end if all the supplied Lockable objects are now locked by the calling thread, an iterator referencing the object which could not be locked otherwise.

Throws:

Any exceptions thrown by calling try_lock() on the supplied Lockable objects.

Postcondition:

If the function returns end then all the Lockable objects in the supplied range are locked by the calling thread, otherwise all locks acquired by the function have been released.

#include <boost/thread/mutex.hpp>

class mutex:
    boost::noncopyable
{
public:
    mutex();
    ~mutex();
    
    void lock();
    bool try_lock();
    void unlock();

    typedef platform-specific-type native_handle_type;
    native_handle_type native_handle();
    
    typedef unique_lock<mutex> scoped_lock;
    typedef unspecified-type scoped_try_lock;
};

boost::mutex implements the Lockable concept to provide an exclusive-ownership mutex. At most one thread can own the lock on a given instance of boost::mutex at any time. Multiple concurrent calls to lock(), try_lock() and unlock() shall be permitted.

typedef platform-specific-type native_handle_type;
native_handle_type native_handle();

Effects:

Returns an instance of native_handle_type that can be used with platform-specific APIs to manipulate the underlying implementation. If no such instance exists, native_handle() and native_handle_type are not present.

Throws:

Nothing.

#include <boost/thread/mutex.hpp>

typedef mutex try_mutex;

boost::try_mutex is a typedef to boost::mutex, provided for backwards compatibility with previous releases of boost.

#include <boost/thread/mutex.hpp>

class timed_mutex:
    boost::noncopyable
{
public:
    timed_mutex();
    ~timed_mutex();

    void lock();
    void unlock();
    bool try_lock();
    bool timed_lock(system_time const & abs_time);

    template<typename TimeDuration>
    bool timed_lock(TimeDuration const & relative_time);

    typedef platform-specific-type native_handle_type;
    native_handle_type native_handle();

    typedef unique_lock<timed_mutex> scoped_timed_lock;
    typedef unspecified-type scoped_try_lock;
    typedef scoped_timed_lock scoped_lock;
};

boost::timed_mutex implements the TimedLockable concept to provide an exclusive-ownership mutex. At most one thread can own the lock on a given instance of boost::timed_mutex at any time. Multiple concurrent calls to lock(), try_lock(), timed_lock(), timed_lock() and unlock() shall be permitted.

typedef platform-specific-type native_handle_type;
native_handle_type native_handle();

Effects:

Returns an instance of native_handle_type that can be used with platform-specific APIs to manipulate the underlying implementation. If no such instance exists, native_handle() and native_handle_type are not present.

Throws:

Nothing.

#include <boost/thread/recursive_mutex.hpp>

class recursive_mutex:
    boost::noncopyable
{
public:
    recursive_mutex();
    ~recursive_mutex();
    
    void lock();
    bool try_lock();
    void unlock();

    typedef platform-specific-type native_handle_type;
    native_handle_type native_handle();
    
    typedef unique_lock<recursive_mutex> scoped_lock;
    typedef unspecified-type scoped_try_lock;
};

boost::recursive_mutex implements the Lockable concept to provide an exclusive-ownership recursive mutex. At most one thread can own the lock on a given instance of boost::recursive_mutex at any time. Multiple concurrent calls to lock(), try_lock() and unlock() shall be permitted. A thread that already has exclusive ownership of a given boost::recursive_mutex instance can call lock() or try_lock() to acquire an additional level of ownership of the mutex. unlock() must be called once for each level of ownership acquired by a single thread before ownership can be acquired by another thread.

typedef platform-specific-type native_handle_type;
native_handle_type native_handle();

Effects:

Returns an instance of native_handle_type that can be used with platform-specific APIs to manipulate the underlying implementation. If no such instance exists, native_handle() and native_handle_type are not present.

Throws:

Nothing.

#include <boost/thread/recursive_mutex.hpp>

typedef recursive_mutex recursive_try_mutex;

boost::recursive_try_mutex is a typedef to boost::recursive_mutex, provided for backwards compatibility with previous releases of boost.

#include <boost/thread/recursive_mutex.hpp>

class recursive_timed_mutex:
    boost::noncopyable
{
public:
    recursive_timed_mutex();
    ~recursive_timed_mutex();
    
    void lock();
    bool try_lock();
    void unlock();

    bool timed_lock(system_time const & abs_time);

    template<typename TimeDuration>
    bool timed_lock(TimeDuration const & relative_time);

    typedef platform-specific-type native_handle_type;
    native_handle_type native_handle();
    
    typedef unique_lock<recursive_timed_mutex> scoped_lock;
    typedef unspecified-type scoped_try_lock;
    typedef scoped_lock scoped_timed_lock;
};

boost::recursive_timed_mutex implements the TimedLockable concept to provide an exclusive-ownership recursive mutex. At most one thread can own the lock on a given instance of boost::recursive_timed_mutex at any time. Multiple concurrent calls to lock(), try_lock(), timed_lock(), timed_lock() and unlock() shall be permitted. A thread that already has exclusive ownership of a given boost::recursive_timed_mutex instance can call lock(), timed_lock(), timed_lock() or try_lock() to acquire an additional level of ownership of the mutex. unlock() must be called once for each level of ownership acquired by a single thread before ownership can be acquired by another thread.

typedef platform-specific-type native_handle_type;
native_handle_type native_handle();

Effects:

Returns an instance of native_handle_type that can be used with platform-specific APIs to manipulate the underlying implementation. If no such instance exists, native_handle() and native_handle_type are not present.

Throws:

Nothing.

#include <boost/thread/shared_mutex.hpp>

class shared_mutex
{
public:
    shared_mutex();
    ~shared_mutex();

    void lock_shared();
    bool try_lock_shared();
    bool timed_lock_shared(system_time const& timeout);
    void unlock_shared();

    void lock();
    bool try_lock();
    bool timed_lock(system_time const& timeout);
    void unlock();

    void lock_upgrade();
    void unlock_upgrade();

    void unlock_upgrade_and_lock();
    void unlock_and_lock_upgrade();
    void unlock_and_lock_shared();
    void unlock_upgrade_and_lock_shared();
};

The class boost::shared_mutex provides an implementation of a multiple-reader / single-writer mutex. It implements the UpgradeLockable concept.

Multiple concurrent calls to lock(), try_lock(), timed_lock(), lock_shared(), try_lock_shared() and timed_lock_shared() shall be permitted.

Synopsis

The classes condition_variable and condition_variable_any provide a mechanism for one thread to wait for notification from another thread that a particular condition has become true. The general usage pattern is that one thread locks a mutex and then calls wait on an instance of condition_variable or condition_variable_any. When the thread is woken from the wait, then it checks to see if the appropriate condition is now true, and continues if so. If the condition is not true, then the thread then calls wait again to resume waiting. In the simplest case, this condition is just a boolean variable:

boost::condition_variable cond;
boost::mutex mut;
bool data_ready;

void process_data();

void wait_for_data_to_process()
{
    boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex> lock(mut);
    while(!data_ready)
    {
        cond.wait(lock);
    }
    process_data();
}

Notice that the lock is passed to wait: wait will atomically add the thread to the set of threads waiting on the condition variable, and unlock the mutex. When the thread is woken, the mutex will be locked again before the call to wait returns. This allows other threads to acquire the mutex in order to update the shared data, and ensures that the data associated with the condition is correctly synchronized.

In the mean time, another thread sets the condition to true, and then calls either notify_one or notify_all on the condition variable to wake one waiting thread or all the waiting threads respectively.

void retrieve_data();
void prepare_data();

void prepare_data_for_processing()
{
    retrieve_data();
    prepare_data();
    {
        boost::lock_guard<boost::mutex> lock(mut);
        data_ready=true;
    }
    cond.notify_one();
}

Note that the same mutex is locked before the shared data is updated, but that the mutex does not have to be locked across the call to notify_one.

This example uses an object of type condition_variable, but would work just as well with an object of type condition_variable_any: condition_variable_any is more general, and will work with any kind of lock or mutex, whereas condition_variable requires that the lock passed to wait is an instance of boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex>. This enables condition_variable to make optimizations in some cases, based on the knowledge of the mutex type; condition_variable_any typically has a more complex implementation than condition_variable.

#include <boost/thread/condition_variable.hpp>

namespace boost
{
    class condition_variable
    {
    public:
        condition_variable();
        ~condition_variable();

        void notify_one();
        void notify_all();

        void wait(boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex>& lock);

        template<typename predicate_type>
        void wait(boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex>& lock,predicate_type predicate);

        bool timed_wait(boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex>& lock,boost::system_time const& abs_time);

        template<typename duration_type>
        bool timed_wait(boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex>& lock,duration_type const& rel_time);

        template<typename predicate_type>
        bool timed_wait(boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex>& lock,boost::system_time const& abs_time,predicate_type predicate);

        template<typename duration_type,typename predicate_type>
        bool timed_wait(boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex>& lock,duration_type const& rel_time,predicate_type predicate);

    // backwards compatibility

        bool timed_wait(boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex>& lock,boost::xtime const& abs_time);

        template<typename predicate_type>
        bool timed_wait(boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex>& lock,boost::xtime const& abs_time,predicate_type predicate);
    };
}

Effects:

Constructs an object of class condition_variable.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs.

Precondition:

All threads waiting on *this have been notified by a call to notify_one or notify_all (though the respective calls to wait or timed_wait need not have returned).

Effects:

Destroys the object.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

If any threads are currently blocked waiting on *this in a call to wait or timed_wait, unblocks one of those threads.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

If any threads are currently blocked waiting on *this in a call to wait or timed_wait, unblocks all of those threads.

Throws:

Nothing.

Precondition:

lock is locked by the current thread, and either no other thread is currently waiting on *this, or the execution of the mutex() member function on the lock objects supplied in the calls to wait or timed_wait in all the threads currently waiting on *this would return the same value as lock->mutex() for this call to wait.

Effects:

Atomically call lock.unlock() and blocks the current thread. The thread will unblock when notified by a call to this->notify_one() or this->notify_all(), or spuriously. When the thread is unblocked (for whatever reason), the lock is reacquired by invoking lock.lock() before the call to wait returns. The lock is also reacquired by invoking lock.lock() if the function exits with an exception.

Postcondition:

lock is locked by the current thread.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs. boost::thread_interrupted if the wait was interrupted by a call to interrupt() on the boost::thread object associated with the current thread of execution.

Precondition:

lock is locked by the current thread, and either no other thread is currently waiting on *this, or the execution of the mutex() member function on the lock objects supplied in the calls to wait or timed_wait in all the threads currently waiting on *this would return the same value as lock->mutex() for this call to wait.

Effects:

Atomically call lock.unlock() and blocks the current thread. The thread will unblock when notified by a call to this->notify_one() or this->notify_all(), when the time as reported by boost::get_system_time() would be equal to or later than the specified abs_time, or spuriously. When the thread is unblocked (for whatever reason), the lock is reacquired by invoking lock.lock() before the call to wait returns. The lock is also reacquired by invoking lock.lock() if the function exits with an exception.

Returns:

false if the call is returning because the time specified by abs_time was reached, true otherwise.

Postcondition:

lock is locked by the current thread.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs. boost::thread_interrupted if the wait was interrupted by a call to interrupt() on the boost::thread object associated with the current thread of execution.

Precondition:

lock is locked by the current thread, and either no other thread is currently waiting on *this, or the execution of the mutex() member function on the lock objects supplied in the calls to wait or timed_wait in all the threads currently waiting on *this would return the same value as lock->mutex() for this call to wait.

Effects:

Atomically call lock.unlock() and blocks the current thread. The thread will unblock when notified by a call to this->notify_one() or this->notify_all(), after the period of time indicated by the rel_time argument has elapsed, or spuriously. When the thread is unblocked (for whatever reason), the lock is reacquired by invoking lock.lock() before the call to wait returns. The lock is also reacquired by invoking lock.lock() if the function exits with an exception.

Returns:

false if the call is returning because the time period specified by rel_time has elapsed, true otherwise.

Postcondition:

lock is locked by the current thread.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs. boost::thread_interrupted if the wait was interrupted by a call to interrupt() on the boost::thread object associated with the current thread of execution.

[Note] Note

The duration overload of timed_wait is difficult to use correctly. The overload taking a predicate should be preferred in most cases.

Effects:

As-if

while(!pred())
{
    if(!timed_wait(lock,abs_time))
    {
        return pred();
    }
}
return true;

#include <boost/thread/condition_variable.hpp>

namespace boost
{
    class condition_variable_any
    {
    public:
        condition_variable_any();
        ~condition_variable_any();

        void notify_one();
        void notify_all();

        template<typename lock_type>
        void wait(lock_type& lock);

        template<typename lock_type,typename predicate_type>
        void wait(lock_type& lock,predicate_type predicate);

        template<typename lock_type>
        bool timed_wait(lock_type& lock,boost::system_time const& abs_time);

        template<typename lock_type,typename duration_type>
        bool timed_wait(lock_type& lock,duration_type const& rel_time);

        template<typename lock_type,typename predicate_type>
        bool timed_wait(lock_type& lock,boost::system_time const& abs_time,predicate_type predicate);

        template<typename lock_type,typename duration_type,typename predicate_type>
        bool timed_wait(lock_type& lock,duration_type const& rel_time,predicate_type predicate);

    // backwards compatibility

        template<typename lock_type>
        bool timed_wait(lock_type>& lock,boost::xtime const& abs_time);

        template<typename lock_type,typename predicate_type>
        bool timed_wait(lock_type& lock,boost::xtime const& abs_time,predicate_type predicate);
    };
}

Effects:

Constructs an object of class condition_variable_any.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs.

Precondition:

All threads waiting on *this have been notified by a call to notify_one or notify_all (though the respective calls to wait or timed_wait need not have returned).

Effects:

Destroys the object.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

If any threads are currently blocked waiting on *this in a call to wait or timed_wait, unblocks one of those threads.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

If any threads are currently blocked waiting on *this in a call to wait or timed_wait, unblocks all of those threads.

Throws:

Nothing.

Effects:

Atomically call lock.unlock() and blocks the current thread. The thread will unblock when notified by a call to this->notify_one() or this->notify_all(), or spuriously. When the thread is unblocked (for whatever reason), the lock is reacquired by invoking lock.lock() before the call to wait returns. The lock is also reacquired by invoking lock.lock() if the function exits with an exception.

Postcondition:

lock is locked by the current thread.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs. boost::thread_interrupted if the wait was interrupted by a call to interrupt() on the boost::thread object associated with the current thread of execution.

Effects:

Atomically call lock.unlock() and blocks the current thread. The thread will unblock when notified by a call to this->notify_one() or this->notify_all(), when the time as reported by boost::get_system_time() would be equal to or later than the specified abs_time, or spuriously. When the thread is unblocked (for whatever reason), the lock is reacquired by invoking lock.lock() before the call to wait returns. The lock is also reacquired by invoking lock.lock() if the function exits with an exception.

Returns:

false if the call is returning because the time specified by abs_time was reached, true otherwise.

Postcondition:

lock is locked by the current thread.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs. boost::thread_interrupted if the wait was interrupted by a call to interrupt() on the boost::thread object associated with the current thread of execution.

Effects:

Atomically call lock.unlock() and blocks the current thread. The thread will unblock when notified by a call to this->notify_one() or this->notify_all(), after the period of time indicated by the rel_time argument has elapsed, or spuriously. When the thread is unblocked (for whatever reason), the lock is reacquired by invoking lock.lock() before the call to wait returns. The lock is also reacquired by invoking lock.lock() if the function exits with an exception.

Returns:

false if the call is returning because the time period specified by rel_time has elapsed, true otherwise.

Postcondition:

lock is locked by the current thread.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs. boost::thread_interrupted if the wait was interrupted by a call to interrupt() on the boost::thread object associated with the current thread of execution.

[Note] Note

The duration overload of timed_wait is difficult to use correctly. The overload taking a predicate should be preferred in most cases.

Effects:

As-if

while(!pred())
{
    if(!timed_wait(lock,abs_time))
    {
        return pred();
    }
}
return true;

#include <boost/thread/condition.hpp>

typedef condition_variable_any condition;

The typedef condition is provided for backwards compatibility with previous boost releases.

boost::call_once provides a mechanism for ensuring that an initialization routine is run exactly once without data races or deadlocks.

#include <boost/thread/once.hpp>

typedef platform-specific-type once_flag;
#define BOOST_ONCE_INIT platform-specific-initializer

Objects of type boost::once_flag shall be initialized with BOOST_ONCE_INIT:

boost::once_flag f=BOOST_ONCE_INIT;
#include <boost/thread/once.hpp>

template<typename Callable>
void call_once(once_flag& flag,Callable func);

Requires:

Callable is CopyConstructible. Copying func shall have no side effects, and the effect of calling the copy shall be equivalent to calling the original.

Effects:

Calls to call_once on the same once_flag object are serialized. If there has been no prior effective call_once on the same once_flag object, the argument func (or a copy thereof) is called as-if by invoking func(), and the invocation of call_once is effective if and only if func() returns without exception. If an exception is thrown, the exception is propagated to the caller. If there has been a prior effective call_once on the same once_flag object, the call_once returns without invoking func.

Synchronization:

The completion of an effective call_once invocation on a once_flag object, synchronizes with all subsequent call_once invocations on the same once_flag object.

Throws:

thread_resource_error when the effects cannot be achieved. or any exception propagated from func.

Note:

The function passed to call_once must not also call call_once passing the same once_flag object. This may cause deadlock, or invoking the passed function a second time. The alternative is to allow the second call to return immediately, but that assumes the code knows it has been called recursively, and can proceed even though the call to call_once didn't actually call the function, in which case it could also avoid calling call_once recursively.

void call_once(void (*func)(),once_flag& flag);

This second overload is provided for backwards compatibility. The effects of call_once(func,flag) shall be the same as those of call_once(flag,func).

A barrier is a simple concept. Also known as a rendezvous, it is a synchronization point between multiple threads. The barrier is configured for a particular number of threads (n), and as threads reach the barrier they must wait until all n threads have arrived. Once the n-th thread has reached the barrier, all the waiting threads can proceed, and the barrier is reset.

#include <boost/thread/barrier.hpp>

class barrier
{
public:
    barrier(unsigned int count);
    ~barrier();

    bool wait();
};

Instances of boost::barrier are not copyable or movable.

Constructor
barrier(unsigned int count);

Effects:

Construct a barrier for count threads.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs.

Destructor
~barrier();

Precondition:

No threads are waiting on *this.

Effects:

Destroys *this.

Throws:

Nothing.

Member function wait
bool wait();

Effects:

Block until count threads have called wait on *this. When the count-th thread calls wait, all waiting threads are unblocked, and the barrier is reset.

Returns:

true for exactly one thread from each batch of waiting threads, false otherwise.

Throws:

boost::thread_resource_error if an error occurs.

The futures library provides a means of handling synchronous future values, whether those values are generated by another thread, or on a single thread in response to external stimuli, or on-demand.

This is done through the provision of four class templates: boost::unique_future and boost::shared_future which are used to retrieve the asynchronous results, and boost::promise and boost::packaged_task which are used to generate the asynchronous results.

An instance of boost::unique_future holds the one and only reference to a result. Ownership can be transferred between instances using the move constructor or move-assignment operator, but at most one instance holds a reference to a given asynchronous result. When the result is ready, it is returned from boost::unique_future<R>::get() by rvalue-reference to allow the result to be moved or copied as appropriate for the type.

On the other hand, many instances of boost::shared_future may reference the same result. Instances can be freely copied and assigned, and boost::shared_future<R>::get() returns a const reference so that multiple calls to boost::shared_future<R>::get() are safe. You can move an instance of boost::unique_future into an instance of boost::shared_future, thus transferring ownership of the associated asynchronous result, but not vice-versa.

You can wait for futures either individually or with one of the boost::wait_for_any() and boost::wait_for_all() functions.

You can set the value in a future with either a boost::promise or a boost::packaged_task. A boost::packaged_task is a callable object that wraps a function or callable object. When the packaged task is invoked, it invokes the contained function in turn, and populates a future with the return value. This is an answer to the perennial question: "how do I return a value from a thread?": package the function you wish to run as a boost::packaged_task and pass the packaged task to the thread constructor. The future retrieved from the packaged task can then be used to obtain the return value. If the function throws an exception, that is stored in the future in place of the return value.

int calculate_the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything()
{
    return 42;
}

boost::packaged_task<int> pt(calculate_the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything);
boost::unique_future<int> fi=pt.get_future();

boost::thread task(boost::move(pt)); // launch task on a thread

fi.wait(); // wait for it to finish
    
assert(fi.is_ready());
assert(fi.has_value());
assert(!fi.has_exception());
assert(fi.get_state()==boost::future_state::ready);
assert(fi.get()==42);

A boost::promise is a bit more low level: it just provides explicit functions to store a value or an exception in the associated future. A promise can therefore be used where the value may come from more than one possible source, or where a single operation may produce multiple values.

boost::promise<int> pi;
boost::unique_future<int> fi;
fi=pi.get_future();

pi.set_value(42);

assert(fi.is_ready());
assert(fi.has_value());
assert(!fi.has_exception());
assert(fi.get_state()==boost::future_state::ready);
assert(fi.get()==42);

Both boost::promise and boost::packaged_task support wait callbacks that are invoked when a thread blocks in a call to wait() or timed_wait() on a future that is waiting for the result from the boost::promise or boost::packaged_task, in the thread that is doing the waiting. These can be set using the set_wait_callback() member function on the boost::promise or boost::packaged_task in question.

This allows lazy futures where the result is not actually computed until it is needed by some thread. In the example below, the call to f.get() invokes the callback invoke_lazy_task, which runs the task to set the value. If you remove the call to f.get(), the task is not ever run.

int calculate_the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything()
{
    return 42;
}

void invoke_lazy_task(boost::packaged_task<int>& task)
{
    try
    {
        task();
    }
    catch(boost::task_already_started&)
    {}
}

int main()
{
    boost::packaged_task<int> task(calculate_the_answer_to_life_the_universe_and_everything);
    task.set_wait_callback(invoke_lazy_task);
    boost::unique_future<int> f(task.get_future());

    assert(f.get()==42);
}
namespace future_state
{
    enum state {uninitialized, waiting, ready};
}
template <typename R>
class unique_future
{
    unique_future(unique_future & rhs);// = delete;
    unique_future& operator=(unique_future& rhs);// = delete;

public:
    typedef future_state::state state;

    unique_future();
    ~unique_future();

    // move support
    unique_future(unique_future && other);
    unique_future& operator=(unique_future && other);

    void swap(unique_future& other);

    // retrieving the value
    R&& get();        

    // functions to check state
    state get_state() const;
    bool is_ready() const;        
    bool has_exception() const;        
    bool has_value() const;        

    // waiting for the result to be ready
    void wait() const;        
    template<typename Duration>
    bool timed_wait(Duration const& rel_time) const;
    bool timed_wait_until(boost::system_time const& abs_time) const;
};
unique_future();

Effects:

Constructs an uninitialized future.

Postconditions:

this->is_ready returns false. this->get_state() returns boost::future_state::uninitialized.

Throws:

Nothing.

~unique_future();

Effects:

Destroys *this.

Throws:

Nothing.

unique_future(unique_future && other);

Effects:

Constructs a new future, and transfers ownership of the asynchronous result associated with other to *this.

Postconditions:

this->get_state() returns the value of other->get_state() prior to the call. other->get_state() returns boost::future_state::uninitialized. If other was associated with an asynchronous result, that result is now associated with *this. other is not associated with any asynchronous result.

Throws:

Nothing.

Notes:

If the compiler does not support rvalue-references, this is implemented using the boost.thread move emulation.

unique_future& operator=(unique_future && other);

Effects:

Transfers ownership of the asynchronous result associated with other to *this.

Postconditions:

this->get_state() returns the value of other->get_state() prior to the call. other->get_state() returns boost::future_state::uninitialized. If other was associated with an asynchronous result, that result is now associated with *this. other is not associated with any asynchronous result. If *this was associated with an asynchronous result prior to the call, that result no longer has an associated boost::unique_future instance.

Throws:

Nothing.

Notes:

If the compiler does not support rvalue-references, this is implemented using the boost.thread move emulation.

void swap(unique_future & other);

Effects:

Swaps ownership of the asynchronous results associated with other and *this.

Postconditions:

this->get_state() returns the value of other->get_state() prior to the call. other->get_state() returns the value of this->get_state() prior to the call. If other was associated with an asynchronous result, that result is now associated with *this, otherwise *this has no associated result. If *this was associated with an asynchronous result, that result is now associated with other, otherwise other has no associated result.

Throws:

Nothing.

R&& get();
R& unique_future<R&>::get();
void unique_future<void>::get();

Effects:

If *this is associated with an asynchronous result, waits until the result is ready as-if by a call to boost::unique_future<R>::wait(), and retrieves the result (whether that is a value or an exception).

Returns:

If the result type R is a reference, returns the stored reference. If R is void, there is no return value. Otherwise, returns an rvalue-reference to the value stored in the asynchronous result.

Postconditions:

this->is_ready() returns true. this->get_state() returns boost::future_state::ready.

Throws:

boost::future_uninitialized if *this is not associated with an asynchronous result. boost::thread_interrupted if the result associated with *this is not ready at the point of the call, and the current thread is interrupted. Any exception stored in the asynchronous result in place of a value.

Notes:

get() is an interruption point.

void wait();

Effects:

If *this is associated with an asynchronous result, waits until the result is ready. If the result is not ready on entry, and the result has a wait callback set, that callback is invoked prior to waiting.

Throws:

boost::future_uninitialized if *this is not associated with an asynchronous result. boost::thread_interrupted if the result associated with *this is not ready at the point of the call, and the current thread is interrupted. Any exception thrown by the wait callback if such a callback is called.

Postconditions:

this->is_ready() returns true. this->get_state() returns boost::future_state::ready.

Notes:

wait() is an interruption point.

template<typename Duration>
bool timed_wait(Duration const& wait_duration);

Effects:

If *this is associated with an asynchronous result, waits until the result is ready, or the time specified by wait_duration has elapsed. If the result is not ready on entry, and the result has a wait callback set, that callback is invoked prior to waiting.

Returns:

true if *this is associated with an asynchronous result, and that result is ready before the specified time has elapsed, false otherwise.

Throws:

boost::future_uninitialized if *this is not associated with an asynchronous result. boost::thread_interrupted if the result associated with *this is not ready at the point of the call, and the current thread is interrupted. Any exception thrown by the wait callback if such a callback is called.

Postconditions:

If this call returned true, then this->is_ready() returns true and this->get_state() returns boost::future_state::ready.

Notes:

timed_wait() is an interruption point. Duration must be a type that meets the Boost.DateTime time duration requirements.

bool timed_wait(boost::system_time const& wait_timeout);

Effects:

If *this is associated with an asynchronous result, waits until the result is ready, or the time point specified by wait_timeout has passed. If the result is not ready on entry, and the result has a wait callback set, that callback is invoked prior to waiting.

Returns:

true if *this is associated with an asynchronous result, and that result is ready before the specified time has passed, false otherwise.

Throws:

boost::future_uninitialized if *this is not associated with an asynchronous result. boost::thread_interrupted if the result associated with *this is not ready at the point of the call, and the current thread is interrupted. Any exception thrown by the wait callback if such a callback is called.

Postconditions:

If this call returned true, then this->is_ready() returns true and this->get_state() returns boost::future_state::ready.

Notes:

timed_wait() is an interruption point.

bool is_ready();

Effects:

Checks to see if the asynchronous result associated with *this is set.

Returns:

true if *this is associated with an asynchronous result, and that result is ready for retrieval, false otherwise.

Throws:

Nothing.

bool has_value();

Effects:

Checks to see if the asynchronous result associated with *this is set with a value rather than an exception.

Returns:

true if *this is associated with an asynchronous result, that result is ready for retrieval, and the result is a stored value, false otherwise.

Throws:

Nothing.

bool has_exception();

Effects:

Checks to see if the asynchronous result associated with *this is set with an exception rather than a value.

Returns:

true if *this is associated with an asynchronous result, that result is ready for retrieval, and the result is a stored exception, false otherwise.

Throws:

Nothing.

future_state::state get_state();

Effects:

Determine the state of the asynchronous result associated with *this, if any.

Returns:

boost::future_state::uninitialized if *this is not associated with an asynchronous result. boost::future_state::ready if the asynchronous result associated with *this is ready for retrieval, boost::future_state::waiting otherwise.

Throws:

Nothing.

template <typename R>
class shared_future
{
public:
    typedef future_state::state state;

    shared_future();
    ~shared_future();

    // copy support
    shared_future(shared_future const& other);
    shared_future& operator=(shared_future const& other);

    // move support
    shared_future(shared_future && other);
    shared_future(unique_future<R> && other);
    shared_future& operator=(shared_future && other);
    shared_future& operator=(unique_future<R> && other);

    void swap(shared_future& other);

    // retrieving the value
    R get();
    
    // functions to check state, and wait for ready
    state get_state() const;
    bool is_ready() const;
    bool has_exception() const;
    bool has_value() const;

    // waiting for the result to be ready
    void wait() const;        
    template<typename Duration>
    bool timed_wait(Duration const& rel_time) const;
    bool timed_wait_until(boost::system_time const& abs_time) const;        
};
shared_future();

Effects:

Constructs an uninitialized future.

Postconditions:

this->is_ready returns false. this->get_state() returns boost::future_state::uninitialized.

Throws:

Nothing.

const R& get();

Effects:

If *this is associated with an asynchronous result, waits until the result is ready as-if by a call to boost::shared_future<R>::wait(), and returns a const reference to the result.

Returns:

If the result type R is a reference, returns the stored reference. If R is void, there is no return value. Otherwise, returns a const reference to the value stored in the asynchronous result.

Throws:

boost::future_uninitialized if *this is not associated with an asynchronous result. boost::thread_interrupted if the result associated with *this is not ready at the point of the call, and the current thread is interrupted.

Notes:

get() is an interruption point.

void wait();

Effects:

If *this is associated with an asynchronous result, waits until the result is ready. If the result is not ready on entry, and the result has a wait callback set, that callback is invoked prior to waiting.

Throws:

boost::future_uninitialized if *this is not associated with an asynchronous result. boost::thread_interrupted if the result associated with *this is not ready at the point of the call, and the current thread is interrupted. Any exception thrown by the wait callback if such a callback is called.

Postconditions:

this->is_ready() returns true. this->get_state() returns boost::future_state::ready.

Notes:

wait() is an interruption point.

template<typename Duration>
bool timed_wait(Duration const& wait_duration);

Effects:

If *this is associated with an asynchronous result, waits until the result is ready, or the time specified by wait_duration has elapsed. If the result is not ready on entry, and the result has a wait callback set, that callback is invoked prior to waiting.

Returns:

true if *this is associated with an asynchronous result, and that result is ready before the specified time has elapsed, false otherwise.

Throws:

boost::future_uninitialized if *this is not associated with an asynchronous result. boost::thread_interrupted if the result associated with *this is not ready at the point of the call, and the current thread is interrupted. Any exception thrown by the wait callback if such a callback is called.

Postconditions:

If this call returned true, then this->is_ready() returns true and this->get_state() returns boost::future_state::ready.

Notes:

timed_wait() is an interruption point. Duration must be a type that meets the Boost.DateTime time duration requirements.

bool timed_wait(boost::system_time const& wait_timeout);

Effects:

If *this is associated with an asynchronous result, waits until the result is ready, or the time point specified by wait_timeout has passed. If the result is not ready on entry, and the result has a wait callback set, that callback is invoked prior to waiting.

Returns:

true if *this is associated with an asynchronous result, and that result is ready before the specified time has passed, false otherwise.

Throws:

boost::future_uninitialized if *this is not associated with an asynchronous result. boost::thread_interrupted if the result associated with *this is not ready at the point of the call, and the current thread is interrupted. Any exception thrown by the wait callback if such a callback is called.

Postconditions:

If this call returned true, then this->is_ready() returns true and this->get_state() returns boost::future_state::ready.

Notes:

timed_wait() is an interruption point.

bool is_ready();

Effects:

Checks to see if the asynchronous result associated with *this is set.

Returns:

true if *this is associated with an asynchronous result, and that result is ready for retrieval, false otherwise.

Throws:

Nothing.

bool has_value();

Effects:

Checks to see if the asynchronous result associated with *this is set with a value rather than an exception.

Returns:

true if *this is associated with an asynchronous result, that result is ready for retrieval, and the result is a stored value, false otherwise.

Throws:

Nothing.

bool has_exception();

Effects:

Checks to see if the asynchronous result associated with *this is set with an exception rather than a value.

Returns:

true if *this is associated with an asynchronous result, that result is ready for retrieval, and the result is a stored exception, false otherwise.

Throws:

Nothing.

future_state::state get_state();

Effects:

Determine the state of the asynchronous result associated with *this, if any.

Returns:

boost::future_state::uninitialized if *this is not associated with an asynchronous result. boost::future_state::ready if the asynchronous result associated with *this is ready for retrieval, boost::future_state::waiting otherwise.

Throws:

Nothing.

template <typename R>
class promise
{
    promise(promise & rhs);// = delete;
    promise & operator=(promise & rhs);// = delete;
public:
    // template <class Allocator> explicit promise(Allocator a);

    promise();
    ~promise();

    // Move support
    promise(promise && rhs);
    promise & operator=(promise&& rhs);
    
    void swap(promise& other);
    // Result retrieval
    unique_future<R> get_future();

    // Set the value
    void set_value(R& r);
    void set_value(R&& r);
    void set_exception(boost::exception_ptr e);

    template<typename F>
    void set_wait_callback(F f);        
};
promise();

Effects:

Constructs a new boost::promise with no associated result.

Throws:

Nothing.

promise(promise && other);

Effects:

Constructs a new boost::promise, and transfers ownership of the result associated with other to *this, leaving other with no associated result.

Throws:

Nothing.

Notes:

If the compiler does not support rvalue-references, this is implemented using the boost.thread move emulation.

promise& operator=(promise && other);

Effects:

Transfers ownership of the result associated with other to *this, leaving other with no associated result. If there was already a result associated with *this, and that result was not ready, sets any futures associated with that result to ready with a boost::broken_promise exception as the result.

Throws:

Nothing.

Notes:

If the compiler does not support rvalue-references, this is implemented using the boost.thread move emulation.

~promise();

Effects:

Destroys *this. If there was a result associated with *this, and that result is not ready, sets any futures associated with that task to ready with a boost::broken_promise exception as the result.

Throws:

Nothing.

unique_future<R> get_future();

Effects:

If *this was not associated with a result, allocate storage for a new asynchronous result and associate it with *this. Returns a boost::unique_future associated with the result associated with *this.

Throws:

boost::future_already_retrieved if the future associated with the task has already been retrieved. std::bad_alloc if any memory necessary could not be allocated.

void set_value(R&& r);
void set_value(const R& r);
void promise<R&>::set_value(R& r);
void promise<void>::set_value();

Effects:

If *this was not associated with a result, allocate storage for a new asynchronous result and associate it with *this. Store the value r in the asynchronous result associated with *this. Any threads blocked waiting for the asynchronous result are woken.

Postconditions:

All futures waiting on the asynchronous result are ready and boost::unique_future<R>::has_value() or boost::shared_future<R>::has_value() for those futures shall return true.

Throws:

boost::promise_already_satisfied if the result associated with *this is already ready. std::bad_alloc if the memory required for storage of the result cannot be allocated. Any exception thrown by the copy or move-constructor of R.

void set_exception(boost::exception_ptr e);

Effects:

If *this was not associated with a result, allocate storage for a new asynchronous result and associate it with *this. Store the exception e in the asynchronous result associated with *this. Any threads blocked waiting for the asynchronous result are woken.

Postconditions:

All futures waiting on the asynchronous result are ready and boost::unique_future<R>::has_exception() or boost::shared_future<R>::has_exception() for those futures shall return true.

Throws:

boost::promise_already_satisfied if the result associated with *this is already ready. std::bad_alloc if the memory required for storage of the result cannot be allocated.

template<typename F>
void set_wait_callback(F f);

Preconditions:

The expression f(t) where t is a lvalue of type boost::packaged_task shall be well-formed. Invoking a copy of f shall have the same effect as invoking f

Effects:

Store a copy of f with the asynchronous result associated with *this as a wait callback. This will replace any existing wait callback store alongside that result. If a thread subsequently calls one of the wait functions on a boost::unique_future or boost::shared_future associated with this result, and the result is not ready, f(*this) shall be invoked.

Throws:

std::bad_alloc if memory cannot be allocated for the required storage.

template<typename R>
class packaged_task
{
    packaged_task(packaged_task&);// = delete;
    packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task&);// = delete;
    
public:
    // construction and destruction
    template <class F>
    explicit packaged_task(F const& f);

    explicit packaged_task(R(*f)());
    
    template <class F>
    explicit packaged_task(F&& f);

    // template <class F, class Allocator>
    // explicit packaged_task(F const& f, Allocator a);
    // template <class F, class Allocator>
    // explicit packaged_task(F&& f, Allocator a);

    ~packaged_task()
    {}

    // move support
    packaged_task(packaged_task&& other);
    packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task&& other);

    void swap(packaged_task& other);
    // result retrieval
    unique_future<R> get_future();        

    // execution
    void operator()();

    template<typename F>
    void set_wait_callback(F f);        
};
template<typename F>
packaged_task(F const &f);

packaged_task(R(*f)());

template<typename F>
packaged_task(F&&f);

Preconditions:

f() is a valid expression with a return type convertible to R. Invoking a copy of f shall behave the same as invoking f.

Effects:

Constructs a new boost::packaged_task with a copy of f stored as the associated task.

Throws:

Any exceptions thrown by the copy (or move) constructor of f. std::bad_alloc if memory for the internal data structures could not be allocated.

packaged_task(packaged_task && other);

Effects:

Constructs a new boost::packaged_task, and transfers ownership of the task associated with other to *this, leaving other with no associated task.

Throws:

Nothing.

Notes:

If the compiler does not support rvalue-references, this is implemented using the boost.thread move emulation.

packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task && other);

Effects:

Transfers ownership of the task associated with other to *this, leaving other with no associated task. If there was already a task associated with *this, and that task has not been invoked, sets any futures associated with that task to ready with a boost::broken_promise exception as the result.

Throws:

Nothing.

Notes:

If the compiler does not support rvalue-references, this is implemented using the boost.thread move emulation.

~packaged_task();

Effects:

Destroys *this. If there was a task associated with *this, and that task has not been invoked, sets any futures associated with that task to ready with a boost::broken_promise exception as the result.

Throws:

Nothing.

unique_future<R> get_future();

Effects:

Returns a boost::unique_future associated with the result of the task associated with *this.

Throws:

boost::task_moved if ownership of the task associated with *this has been moved to another instance of boost::packaged_task. boost::future_already_retrieved if the future associated with the task has already been retrieved.

void operator()();

Effects:

Invoke the task associated with *this and store the result in the corresponding future. If the task returns normally, the return value is stored as the asynchronous result, otherwise the exception thrown is stored. Any threads blocked waiting for the asynchronous result associated with this task are woken.

Postconditions:

All futures waiting on the asynchronous result are ready

Throws:

boost::task_moved if ownership of the task associated with *this has been moved to another instance of boost::packaged_task. boost::task_already_started if the task has already been invoked.

template<typename F>
void set_wait_callback(F f);

Preconditions:

The expression f(t) where t is a lvalue of type boost::packaged_task shall be well-formed. Invoking a copy of f shall have the same effect as invoking f

Effects:

Store a copy of f with the task associated with *this as a wait callback. This will replace any existing wait callback store alongside that task. If a thread subsequently calls one of the wait functions on a boost::unique_future or boost::shared_future associated with this task, and the result of the task is not ready, f(*this) shall be invoked.

Throws:

boost::task_moved if ownership of the task associated with *this has been moved to another instance of boost::packaged_task.

template<typename Iterator>
Iterator wait_for_any(Iterator begin,Iterator end);

template<typename F1,typename F2>
unsigned wait_for_any(F1& f1,F2& f2);

template<typename F1,typename F2,typename F3>
unsigned wait_for_any(F1& f1,F2& f2,F3& f3);

template<typename F1,typename F2,typename F3,typename F4>
unsigned wait_for_any(F1& f1,F2& f2,F3& f3,F4& f4);

template<typename F1,typename F2,typename F3,typename F4,typename F5>
unsigned wait_for_any(F1& f1,F2& f2,F3& f3,F4& f4,F5& f5);

Preconditions:

The types Fn shall be specializations of boost::unique_future or boost::shared_future, and Iterator shall be a forward iterator with a value_type which is a specialization of boost::unique_future or boost::shared_future.

Effects:

Waits until at least one of the specified futures is ready.

Returns:

The range-based overload returns an Iterator identifying the first future in the range that was detected as ready. The remaining overloads return the zero-based index of the first future that was detected as ready (first parameter => 0, second parameter => 1, etc.).

Throws:

boost::thread_interrupted if the current thread is interrupted. Any exception thrown by the wait callback associated with any of the futures being waited for. std::bad_alloc if memory could not be allocated for the internal wait structures.

Notes:

wait_for_any() is an interruption point.

template<typename Iterator>
void wait_for_all(Iterator begin,Iterator end);

template<typename F1,typename F2>
void wait_for_all(F1& f1,F2& f2);

template<typename F1,typename F2,typename F3>
void wait_for_all(F1& f1,F2& f2,F3& f3);

template<typename F1,typename F2,typename F3,typename F4>
void wait_for_all(F1& f1,F2& f2,F3& f3,F4& f4);

template<typename F1,typename F2,typename F3,typename F4,typename F5>
void wait_for_all(F1& f1,F2& f2,F3& f3,F4& f4,F5& f5);

Preconditions:

The types Fn shall be specializations of boost::unique_future or boost::shared_future, and Iterator shall be a forward iterator with a value_type which is a specialization of boost::unique_future or boost::shared_future.

Effects:

Waits until all of the specified futures are ready.

Throws:

Any exceptions thrown by a call to wait() on the specified futures.

Notes:

wait_for_all() is an interruption point.


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