...one of the most highly
regarded and expertly designed C++ library projects in the
world.
— Herb Sutter and Andrei
Alexandrescu, C++
Coding Standards
Support for move semantics is implemented using Boost.Move. If rvalue references are available it will use them, but if not it uses a close, but imperfect emulation. On such compilers:
emplace
,
or if they support Boost.Move, moved into place.
C++11 introduced a new allocator system. It's backwards compatible due to
the lax requirements for allocators in the old standard, but might need some
changes for allocators which worked with the old versions of the unordered
containers. It uses a traits class, allocator_traits
to handle the allocator adding extra functionality, and making some methods
and types optional. During development a stable release of allocator_traits
wasn't available so an
internal partial implementation is always used in this version. Hopefully
a future version will use the standard implementation where available.
The member functions construct
,
destroy
and max_size
are now optional, if they're not
available a fallback is used. A full implementation of allocator_traits
requires sophisticated member function detection so that the fallback is
used whenever the member function call is not well formed. This requires
support for SFINAE expressions, which are available on GCC from version 4.4
and Clang.
On other compilers, there's just a test to see if the allocator has a member, but no check that it can be called. So rather than using a fallback there will just be a compile error.
propagate_on_container_copy_assignment
,
propagate_on_container_move_assignment
,
propagate_on_container_swap
and select_on_container_copy_construction
are also supported. Due to imperfect move emulation, some assignments might
check propagate_on_container_copy_assignment
on some compilers and propagate_on_container_move_assignment
on others.
The use of the allocator's construct and destruct methods might be a bit surprising. Nodes are constructed and destructed using the allocator, but the elements are stored in aligned space within the node and constructed and destructed by calling the constructor and destructor directly.
In C++11 the allocator's construct function has the signature:
template <class U, class... Args> void construct(U* p, Args&&... args);
which supports calling construct
for the contained object, but most existing allocators don't support this.
If member function detection was good enough then with old allocators it
would fall back to calling the element's constructor directly but in general,
detection isn't good enough to do this which is why Boost.Unordered just
calls the constructor directly every time. In most cases this will work okay.
pointer_traits
aren't used.
Instead, pointer types are obtained from rebound allocators, this can cause
problems if the allocator can't be used with incomplete types. If const_pointer
is not defined in the allocator,
boost::pointer_to_other<pointer, const value_type>::type
is used to obtain a const pointer.
Since the containers use std::pair
they're limited to the version from the current standard library. But since
C++11 std::pair
's piecewise_construct
based constructor is very useful, emplace
emulates it with a piecewise_construct
in the boost::unordered
namespace. So for example, the
following will work:
boost::unordered_multimap<std::string, std::complex> x; x.emplace( boost::unordered::piecewise_construct, boost::make_tuple("key"), boost::make_tuple(1, 2));
Older drafts of the standard also supported variadic constructors for std::pair
,
where the first argument would be used for the first part of the pair, and
the remaining for the second part.
When swapping, Pred
and
Hash
are not currently swapped
by calling swap
, their copy
constructors are used. As a consequence when swapping an exception may be
throw from their copy constructor.
Variadic constructor arguments for emplace
are only used when both rvalue references and variadic template parameters
are available. Otherwise emplace
can only take up to 10 constructors arguments.