...one of the most highly
regarded and expertly designed C++ library projects in the
world.
— Herb Sutter and Andrei
Alexandrescu, C++
Coding Standards
The following example shows how short (mangled) and human readable type names could be obtained from a type. Works with and without RTTI.
#include <boost/type_index.hpp> #include <iostream> template <class T> void foo(T) { std::cout << "\n Short name: " << boost::typeindex::type_id<T>().raw_name(); std::cout << "\n Readable name: " << boost::typeindex::type_id<T>().pretty_name(); } struct user_defined_type{}; namespace ns1 { namespace ns2 { struct user_defined_type{}; }} // namespace ns1::ns2 namespace { struct in_anon_type{}; } // anonymous namespace int main() { // Call to foo(1); // will output something like this: // // (RTTI on) (RTTI off) // Short name: i Short name: int] // Readable name: int Readable name: int user_defined_type t; foo(t); // Will output: // // (RTTI on) (RTTI off) // Short name: 17user_defined_type user_defined_type] // Readable name: user_defined_type user_defined_type ns1::ns2::user_defined_type t_in_ns; foo(t_in_ns); // Will output: // // (RTTI on) (RTTI off) // Short name: N3ns13ns217user_defined_typeE ns1::ns2::user_defined_type] // Readable name: ns1::ns2::user_defined_type ns1::ns2::user_defined_type in_anon_type anon_t; foo(anon_t); // Will output: // // (RTTI on) (RTTI off) // Short name: N12_GLOBAL__N_112in_anon_typeE {anonymous}::in_anon_type] // Readable name: (anonymous namespace)::in_anon_type {anonymous}::in_anon_type }
Short names are very compiler dependant: some compiler will output .H
, others
i
.
Readable names may also differ between compilers: struct
user_defined_type
, user_defined_type
.
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Warning |
---|---|
With RTTI off different classes with same names in anonymous namespace may collapse. See 'RTTI emulation limitations'. |
The following example shows how an information about a type could be stored. Example works with and without RTTI.
#include <boost/type_index.hpp> #include <boost/unordered_set.hpp> #include <boost/functional/hash.hpp> #include <cassert> int main() { boost::unordered_set<boost::typeindex::type_index> types; // Storing some `boost::type_info`s types.insert(boost::typeindex::type_id<int>()); types.insert(boost::typeindex::type_id<float>()); // `types` variable contains two `boost::type_index`es: assert(types.size() == 2); // Const, volatile and reference will be striped from the type: bool is_inserted = types.insert(boost::typeindex::type_id<const int>()).second; assert(!is_inserted); assert(types.erase(boost::typeindex::type_id<float&>()) == 1); // We have erased the `float` type, only `int` remains assert(*types.begin() == boost::typeindex::type_id<int>()); }
The following example shows that type_info
is able to store the real type, successfully getting through all the inheritances.
Example works with and without RTTI."
#include <boost/type_index.hpp> #include <iostream> struct A { BOOST_TYPE_INDEX_REGISTER_CLASS virtual ~A(){} }; struct B: public A { BOOST_TYPE_INDEX_REGISTER_CLASS }; struct C: public B { BOOST_TYPE_INDEX_REGISTER_CLASS }; void print_real_type(const A& a) { std::cout << boost::typeindex::type_id_runtime(a).pretty_name() << '\n'; } int main() { C c; const A& c_as_a = c; print_real_type(c_as_a); // Outputs `struct C` print_real_type(B()); // Outputs `struct B` }
The following example shows that type_index
(and type_info
) is able to
store the exact type, without stripping const, volatile and references. Example
works with and without RTTI.
In this example we'll create a class that stores a pointer to function and remembers the exact type of the parameter the function accepts. When the call to the bound function is made, he actual input parameter type is checked against the stored parameter type and an exception is thrown in case of mismatch.
#include <boost/type_index.hpp> #include <iostream> #include <stdexcept> #include <cassert> class type_erased_unary_function { void* function_ptr_; boost::typeindex::type_index exact_param_t_; public: template <class ParamT> type_erased_unary_function(void(*ptr)(ParamT)) : function_ptr_(reinterpret_cast<void*>(ptr)) // ptr - is a pointer to function returning `void` and accepting parameter of type `ParamT` , exact_param_t_(boost::typeindex::type_id_with_cvr<ParamT>()) {} template <class ParamT> void call(ParamT v) { if (exact_param_t_ != boost::typeindex::type_id_with_cvr<ParamT>()) { throw std::runtime_error("Incorrect `ParamT`"); } return (reinterpret_cast<void(*)(ParamT)>(function_ptr_))(v); } }; void foo(int){} int main() { type_erased_unary_function func(&foo); func.call(100); // OK, `100` has type `int` try { int i = 100; // An attempt to convert stored function to a function accepting reference func.call<int&>(i); // Will throw, because types `int&` and `int` missmatch assert(false); } catch (const std::runtime_error& /*e*/) {} }
The following example shows how different type names look when we explicitly use classes for RTTI and RTT off.
This example requires RTTI. For a more portable example see 'Getting human readable and mangled type names':
#include <boost/type_index/stl_type_index.hpp> #include <boost/type_index/ctti_type_index.hpp> #include <iostream> template <class T> void print(const char* name) { boost::typeindex::stl_type_index sti = boost::typeindex::stl_type_index::type_id<T>(); boost::typeindex::ctti_type_index cti = boost::typeindex::ctti_type_index::type_id<T>(); std::cout << "\t[" /* start of the row */ << "[" << name << "]" << "[`" << sti.raw_name() << "`] " << "[`" << sti.pretty_name() << "`] " << "[`" << cti.raw_name() << "`] " << "]\n" /* end of the row */ ; } struct user_defined_type{}; namespace ns1 { namespace ns2 { struct user_defined_type{}; }} // namespace ns1::ns2 namespace { struct in_anon_type{}; } // anonymous namespace namespace ns3 { namespace { namespace ns4 { struct in_anon_type{}; }}} // namespace ns3::{anonymous}::ns4 template <class T0, class T1> class templ {}; template <> class templ<int, int> {}; int main() { std::cout << "[table:id Table of names\n"; std::cout << "\t[[Type] [RTTI & raw_name] [RTTI & pretty_name] [noRTTI & raw_name]]\n"; print<user_defined_type>("User defined type"); print<in_anon_type>("In anonymous namespace"); print<ns3::ns4::in_anon_type>("In ns3::{anonymous}::ns4 namespace"); print<templ<short, int> >("Template class"); print<templ<int, int> >("Template class (full specialization)"); print<templ< templ<char, signed char>, templ<int, user_defined_type> > >("Template class with templae classes"); std::cout << "]\n"; }
Code from the example will produce the following table:
Table 36.2. Table of names
Type |
RTTI & raw_name |
RTTI & pretty_name |
noRTTI & raw_name |
---|---|---|---|
User defined type |
|
|
|
In anonymous namespace |
|
|
|
In ns3::{anonymous}::ns4 namespace |
|
|
|
Template class |
|
|
|
Template class (full specialization) |
|
|
|
Template class with templae classes |
|
|
|
We have not show the "noRTTI & pretty_name" column in the table becuse it is almost equal to "noRTTI & raw_name" column.
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Warning |
---|---|
With RTTI off different classes with same names in anonymous namespace may collapse. See 'RTTI emulation limitations'. |